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Biblical Languages 301 Guidelines

This is where we come to delve into the biblical text. Theology is not our foremost thought, but we realize it is something that will be dealt with in nearly every conversation. Feel free to use the original languages to make your point (meaning Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic). This is an exegetical discussion area, so please limit topics to purely biblical ones.

This is not the section for debates between theists and atheists. While a theistic viewpoint is not required for discussion in this area, discussion does presuppose a respect for the integrity of the Biblical text (or the willingness to accept such a presupposition for discussion purposes) and a respect for the integrity of the faith of others and a lack of an agenda to undermine the faith of others.

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Revelation

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  • Revelation 13:4


    Text: (NA27):
    καὶ προσεκύνησαν τῷ δράκοντι, ὅτι ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῷ θηρίῳ, καὶ προσεκύνησαν τῷ θηρίῳ λέγοντες· τίς ὅμοιος τῷ θηρίῳ καὶ τίς δύναται πολεμῆσαι μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ;

    Transliteration (Accordance):
    kai prosekynēsan tō̧ drakonti, hoti edōken tēn exousian tō̧ thēriō̧, kai prosekynēsan tō̧ thēriō̧ legontes; tis homoios tō̧ thēriō̧ kai tis dynatai polemēsai met’ autou?

    Translation (NRSV):
    They worshiped the dragon, for he had given his authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast, saying, “Who is like the beast, and who can fight against it?”

    Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
    προσεκύνησαν : aorist of προσκυνέω (τινί, sometimes τινά) prostrate oneself, do obeisance to, worship.
    ἔδωκεν : relative past time had given.
    θηρίον : (wild) beast.
    πολεμῆσαι : aorist infinitive of πολεμέω fight.

    Comment


    • Revelation 13:5


      Text: (NA27):
      Καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στόμα λαλοῦν μεγάλα καὶ βλασφημίας καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία ποιῆσαι μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα [καὶ] δύο.

      Transliteration (Accordance):
      Kai edothē autō̧ stoma laloun megala kai blasphēmias kai edothē autō̧ exousia poiēsai mēnas tesserakonta [kai] dyo.

      Translation (NRSV):
      The beast was given a mouth uttering haughty and blasphemous words, and it was allowed to exercise authority for forty-two months.

      Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
      ἐδόθη : aorist passive of δίδωμι give.
      λαλοῦν : neuter participle of λαλέω:
      λαλοῦν μεγάλα : boast, talk big.
      βλασφημία : language hostile or derogatory to God, blasphemy, impiety.
      ποιῆσαι : aorist infinitive of ποιέω to act with accusative of duration or spend with object of time.
      μήν, μηνός, ὁ : month.
      τεσσεράκοντα [καὶ] δύο = 42.

      Comment


      • Revelation 13:6


        Text: (NA27):
        καὶ ἤνοιξεν τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ εἰς βλασφημίας πρὸς τὸν θεὸν βλασφημῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας.

        Transliteration (Accordance):
        kai ēnoixen to stoma autou eis blasphēmias pros ton theon blasphēmēsai to onoma autou kai tēn skēnēn autou, tous en tō̧ ouranō̧ skēnountas.

        Translation (NRSV):
        It opened its mouth to utter blasphemies against God, blaspheming his name and his dwelling, that is, those who dwell in heaven.

        Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
        ἤνοιξεν : aorist ἀνοίγω open.
        πρός : with accusative sometimes against.
        βλασφημῆσαι : aorist infinitive of βλασφημέω blaspheme.
        σκηνή : tent, tabernacle, dwelling.
        σκηνοῦντας : particle of σκηνόω encamp, dwell, τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας as text stands, apposition to σκηνήν.

        Comment


        • Revelation 13:7a


          Text: (NA27):
          καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι πόλεμον μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων καὶ νικῆσαι αὐτούς

          Transliteration (Accordance):
          kai edothē autō̧ poiēsai polemon meta tōn hagiōn kai nikēsai autous

          Translation (NRSV):
          Also it was allowed to make war on the saints and to conquer them.

          Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
          πόλεμος : war ; ποιῆσαι πόλεμον make war.
          νικῆσαι : aorist infinitive of νικάω conquer, defeat.

          Comment


          • Revelation 13:7b


            Text: (NA27):
            καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία ἐπὶ πᾶσαν φυλὴν καὶ λαὸν καὶ γλῶσσαν καὶ ἔθνος.

            Transliteration (Accordance):
            kai edothē autō̧ exousia epi pasan phylēn kai laon kai glōssan kai ethnos.

            Translation (NRSV):
            It was given authority over every tribe and people and language and nation

            Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
            ἐδόθη : aorist of δίδωμι give.
            φυλή : tribe.

            Comment


            • Revelation 13:8a


              Text: (NA27):
              καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὗ οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ ἀρνίου τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου.

              Transliteration (Accordance):
              kai proskynēsousin auton pantes hoi katoikountes epi tēs gēs, hou ou gegraptai to onoma autou en tō̧ bibliō̧ tēs zōēs tou arniou tou esphagmenou apo katabolēs kosmou.

              Translation (NRSV):
              and all the inhabitants of the earth will worship it, everyone whose name has not been written from the foundation of the world in the book of life of the Lamb that was slaughtered.

              Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
              προσκυνήσουσιν : future of προσκυνέω worship, verse 4; if future is understood Hebrew imperfect (= present) as in 4:9f., it makes better sense.
              κατοικοῦντες : participle of κατοικέω : dwell.

              Comment


              • Revelation 13:8 repeated to correct typo


                Text: (NA27):
                καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὗ οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ ἀρνίου τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου.

                Transliteration (Accordance):
                kai proskynēsousin auton pantes hoi katoikountes epi tēs gēs, hou ou gegraptai to onoma autou en tō̧ bibliō̧ tēs zōēs tou arniou tou esphagmenou apo katabolēs kosmou.

                Translation (NRSV):
                and all the inhabitants of the earth will worship it, everyone whose name has not been written from the foundation of the world in the book of life of the Lamb that was slaughtered.

                Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                προσκυνήσουσιν : future of προσκυνέω worship, verse 4; if future is understood Hebrew imperfect (= present) as in 4:9f., it makes better sense.
                κατοικοῦντες : participle of κατοικέω : dwell.

                Comment


                • Revelation 13:9-10


                  Text: (NA27):
                  Εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς ἀκουσάτω. εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν, εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν ὑπάγει· εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῆναι. Ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις τῶν ἁγίων.

                  Transliteration (Accordance):
                  Ei tis echei ous akousatō. ei tis eis aichmalōsian, eis aichmalōsian hypagei; ei tis en machairȩ̄ apoktanthēnai auton en machairȩ̄ apoktanthēnai. Hōde estin hē hypomonē kai hē pistis tōn hagiōn.

                  Translation (NRSV):
                  Let anyone who has an ear listen: If you are to be taken captive, into captivity you go; if you kill with the sword, with the sword you must be killed. Here is a call for the endurance and faith of the saints.

                  Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                  οὖς -ὠτός, τό : ear.
                  ἀκουσάτω : aorist imperative 3rd singular of ἀκούω.
                  εἰς : is (destined) for.
                  αἰχμαλωσία : (< αιχμή lance + αλίσκομαι capture) : captivity.
                  ἐν : instrumental.
                  μάχαιρα : sword.
                  ἀποκτανθῆνα : aorist passive infinitive of ἀποκτείνω (is) to be killed, infinitive for future imperatival.
                  ὧδε : herein.
                  ὑπομονή : endurance, fortitude.

                  Comment


                  • Revelation 13:11


                    Text: (NA27):
                    Καὶ εἶδον ἄλλο θηρίον ἀναβαῖνον ἐκ τῆς γῆς, καὶ εἶχεν κέρατα δύο ὅμοια ἀρνίῳ καὶ ἐλάλει ὡς δράκων.

                    Transliteration (Accordance):
                    Kai eidon allo thērion anabainon ek tēs gēs, kai eichen kerata dyo homoia arniō̧ kai elalei hōs drakōn.

                    Translation (NRSV):
                    Then I saw another beast that rose out of the earth; it had two horns like a lamb and it spoke like a dragon.

                    Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                    θηρίον : (wild) beast.
                    ἀναβαῖνον : neuter participle of ἀναβαίνω go up, ascend ; participial construction taken up by καί coordinate.
                    εἶχεν : imperfect of ἔχω have.
                    κέρας : horn.
                    ἀρνίον : lamb.
                    ἐλάλει : imperfect of λαλέω speak.
                    δράκων : ?"a" dragon, without article.

                    Comment


                    • Revelation 13:12


                      Text: (NA27):
                      καὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πρώτου θηρίου πᾶσαν ποιεῖ ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιεῖ τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας ἵνα προσκυνήσουσιν τὸ θηρίον τὸ πρῶτον, οὗ ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ.

                      Transliteration (Accordance):
                      kai tēn exousian tou prōtou thēriou pasan poiei enōpion autou, kai poiei tēn gēn kai tous en autȩ̄ katoikountas hina proskynēsousin to thērion to prōton, hou etherapeuthē hē plēgē tou thanatou autou.

                      Translation (NRSV):
                      It exercises all the authority of the first beast on its behalf, and it makes the earth and its inhabitants worship the first beast, whose mortal wound had been healed.

                      Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                      πρῶτος : first, for comparative πρότερος.
                      ἐξουσίαν ... ποιεῖ : weilds authority.
                      ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ : in his presence.
                      ποιεῖ ... ἵνα : expresses the causative form of the Hebrew/Aramaic verbs, ποιεῖ τὴν γῆν ... ἵνα προσκυνήσουσιν makes the earth ... worship.
                      κατοικοῦντας : participle of κατοικέω dwell.
                      προσκυνήσουσιν : future for subjunctive (after ἵνα) of προσκυνέω worship.
                      ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου : verse 3.

                      Comment


                      • Revelation 13:13


                        Text: (NA27):
                        καὶ ποιεῖ σημεῖα μεγάλα, ἵνα καὶ πῦρ ποιῇ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβαίνειν εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων,

                        Transliteration (Accordance):
                        kai poiei sēmeia megala, hina kai pyr poiȩ̄ ek tou ouranou katabainein eis tēn gēn enōpion tōn anthrōpōn,

                        Translation (NRSV):
                        It performs great signs, even making fire come down from heaven to earth in the sight of all;

                        Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                        σημεῖον : as in John, a sign, i.e. a miracle.
                        ἵνα : consecutive ; ἵνα ... ποιῇ (subjunctive) such as making.

                        Comment


                        • Rv 13:14

                          Text: (NA27):
                          καὶ πλανᾷ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς διὰ τὰ σημεῖα ἃ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι ἐνώπιον τοῦ θηρίου, λέγων τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ποιῆσαι εἰκόνα τῷ θηρίῳ, ὃς ἔχει τὴν πληγὴν τῆς μαχαίρης καὶ ἔζησεν

                          Transliteration (Accordance):
                          kai plana̧ tous katoikountas epi tēs gēs dia ta sēmeia ha edothē autō̧ poiēsai enōpion tou thēriou, legōn tois katoikousin epi tēs gēs poiēsai eikona tō̧ thēriō̧, hos echei tēn plēgēn tēs machairēs kai ezēsen

                          Translation (NRSV):
                          and by the signs that it is allowed to perform on behalf of the beast, it deceives the inhabitants of earth, telling them to make an image for the beast that had been wounded by the sword and yet lived

                          Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                          πλανάω : lead astray ; delude.
                          ἐδόθη : 2nd aorist of δίδωμι give.
                          ποιῆσαι : aorist infinitive of ποιέω perform.
                          λέγων : telling, participle of λέγω.
                          κατοικοῦσιν : the inhabitants, participle of κατοικέω dwell.
                          εἰκών, -όνος, ἡ : image.
                          ὃς : masculine, because standing for antichrist.
                          μάχαιρα : sword.
                          ἔζησεν : aorist of ζάω live

                          Comment


                          • Revelation 13:15

                            Text: (NA27):
                            Καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ δοῦναι πνεῦμα τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου, ἵνα καὶ λαλήσῃ ἡ εἰκὼν τοῦ θηρίου καὶ ποιήσῃ [ἵνα] ὅσοι ἐὰν μὴ προσκυνήσωσιν τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου ἀποκτανθῶσιν.

                            Transliteration (Accordance):
                            Kai edothē autō̧ dounai pneuma tȩ̄ eikoni tou thēriou, hina kai lalēsȩ̄ hē eikōn tou thēriou kai poiēsȩ̄ [hina] hosoi ean mē proskynēsōsin tȩ̄ eikoni tou thēriou apoktanthōsin.

                            Translation (NRSV):
                            and it was allowed to give breath to the image of the beast so that the image of the beast could even speak and cause those who would not worship the image of the beast to be killed.

                            Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                            ἐδόθη : aorist of δίδωμι give.
                            δοῦναι : to endow with aorist infinitive of δίδωμι ; infinitive construct resumed by καί coordinate with subjunctive ποιήσῃ.
                            πνεῦμα : breath, i.e. life.
                            ἵνα = ὥστε so that.
                            λαλήσῃ : aorist subjunctive of λαλέω speak.
                            ποιήσῃ : aorist subjunctive of ποιέω ; ποιήσῃ ἵνα ... (aorist passive subjunctive, verse 10) have them them put to death verse 12.
                            ὅσοι ἐάν : all who.
                            προσκυνέωήσωσιν: aorist subjunctive of προσκυνέω worship.

                            Comment


                            • Revelation 13:16

                              Text: (NA27):
                              καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας, τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους, καὶ τοὺς πλουσίους καὶ τοὺς πτωχούς, καὶ τοὺς ἐλευθέρους καὶ τοὺς δούλους, ἵνα δῶσιν αὐτοῖς χάραγμα ἐπὶ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν τῆς δεξιᾶς ἢ ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον αὐτῶν

                              Transliteration (Accordance):
                              kai poiei pantas, tous mikrous kai tous megalous, kai tous plousious kai tous ptōchous, kai tous eleutherous kai tous doulous, hina dōsin autois charagma epi tēs cheiros autōn tēs dexias ē epi to metōpon autōn

                              Translation (NRSV):
                              Also it causes all, both small and great, both rich and poor, both free and slave, to be marked on the right hand or the forehead

                              Grammatical Analysis (Zerwick/BDAG, meanings in this context):
                              ποιεῖ πάντας ... ἵνα : construction as verse 12.
                              μικρός : small.
                              πλούσιος : rich.
                              πτωχός : poor.
                              ἐλεύθερος : free.
                              δῶσιν : aorist subjunctive of δίδωμι: ἵνα δῶσιν αὐτοῖς "that they (impersonal) give them", i.e. that they be given.
                              χάραγμα : mark, stamp.
                              δεξιός : right, opposite left in a frame of reference.
                              μέτωπον : forehead.

                              Comment


                              • "Epi" here means "on" as a tattoo, not "in" as a piece of coined money is in a hand?
                                http://notontimsblogroundhere.blogspot.fr/p/apologetics-section.html

                                Thanks, Sparko, for telling how I add the link here!

                                Comment

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