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This is where we come to delve into the biblical text. Theology is not our foremost thought, but we realize it is something that will be dealt with in nearly every conversation. Feel free to use the original languages to make your point (meaning Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic). This is an exegetical discussion area, so please limit topics to purely biblical ones.

This is not the section for debates between theists and atheists. While a theistic viewpoint is not required for discussion in this area, discussion does presuppose a respect for the integrity of the Biblical text (or the willingness to accept such a presupposition for discussion purposes) and a respect for the integrity of the faith of others and a lack of an agenda to undermine the faith of others.

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Daniel: Hebrew and Aramaic

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  • #16
    Daniel 1:5a (Hebrew)

    Text (BHS):
    וַיְמַן לָהֶם הַמֶּלֶךְ דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ מִפַּת־בַּג הַמֶּלֶךְ וּמִיֵּין מִשְׁתָּיו

    Transliteration (Accordance):
    wayᵉman lāhem hammeleḵ dᵉḇar-yôm bᵉyômô mippaṯ-bag̱ hammeleḵ ûmı̂ên mištāyw

    Translation (WEB):
    The king appointed for them a daily portion of the king’s dainties, and of the wine which he drank

    Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
    הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article הַ [with dagesh in the first letter of the attached word] (ha) + מֶּלֶךְ (meleḵ) : the king.
    וַיְמַן (wayᵉman) : consecutive וַ (wa) + Piel imperfect 3 m.s. of מָנָה (mānāh) : appointed.
    לָהֶם (lāhem) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + 3 m.s. suffix הֶם (hem) : to them.
    דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ (dᵉḇar-yôm bᵉyômô) : construct of דָּבָר (dāḇār) + noun יוֹם (yôm) + prep. בְּ (bᵉ) + יוֹם (yôm) : 3 m.s. suffix : a daily.
    מִפַּת־בַּג (mippaṯ-bag̱) : prep. מִן (min) + פַּת־בַּג (paṯ-bag̱) : portion (of food/delicacies for the king).
    הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article הַ [with dagesh in the first letter of the attached word] (ha) + מֶּלֶךְ (meleḵ) : [which] the king [ate].
    וּמִיֵּין (ûmīyayin) : conj. וּ (û) + prep. מִן (min) + construct of יַיִן (yayin) : and of the wine (of).
    מִשְׁתָּיו (mištāyw) : plural of מִשְׁתֶּה (mišteh) + 3 m.s. suffix : his drink.

    Comment


    • #17
      Daniel 1:5b (Hebrew)

      Text (BHS):
      וּלְגַדְּלָם שָׁנִים שָׁלוֹשׁ

      Transliteration (Accordance):
      ûlᵉg̱addᵉlām šānı̂m šālôš

      Translation (Collins):
      to bring them up* for three years.
      *Old Greek, ἐκπαιδεῦσαι, has the sense of "educate" rather than "nourish."

      Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
      וּלְגַדְּלָם (ûlᵉg̱addᵉlām) : conj. וּ (û) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + Piel infinitive construct of גָּדַל (gāḏal) + 3 m.p. suffix : and to bring them up.
      שָׁנִים שָׁלוֹשׁ (šānı̂m šālôš) : שָׁנִים (šānı̂m) "years", plural of שָׁנָה (šānāh) + numeral three שָׁלוֹשׁ (šālôš) : three years.

      Comment


      • #18
        Daniel 1:5c (Hebrew)

        Text (BHS):
        וּמִקְצָתָם יַעַמְדוּ לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ

        Transliteration (Accordance):
        ûmiqṣāṯām yaʿamḏû lip̱nê hammeleḵ

        Translation (RSV):
        and at the end of that time they were to stand before the king.

        Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
        וּמִקְצָתָם (ûmiqṣāṯām) : conj. וּ (û) + prep. מִן (min) + noun קְצָת (qᵉṣāṯ) + pronominal 3 m.p. suffix : and at the end of that time.
        יַעַמְדוּ (yaʿamḏû) : Qal imperfect 3 m.p. of עָמַד (ʿāmaḏ) : they were to stand.
        לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ (lip̱nê hammeleḵ) : לִפְנֵי (lip̱nê) ["before"] + definite article הַ (ha) + מֶּלֶךְ (meleḵ) : before the king.

        Comment


        • #19
          Daniel 1:6 (Hebrew)

          Text (BHS):
          וַיְהִי בָהֶם מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה

          Transliteration (Accordance):
          wayᵉhı̂ ḇāhem mibbᵉnê yᵉhûḏāh dānı̂ēʾl ḥᵃnanyāh mı̂šāʾēl waʿᵃzaryāh

          Translation (Collins):
          Among them from the Judeans were Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.

          Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
          וַיְהִי בָהֶם (wayᵉhı̂ ḇāhem) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of הָיָה (hāyāh) + prep. בְּ (bᵉ) + 3 m.p. suffix : among them were.
          מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה (mibbᵉnê yᵉhûḏāh) : prep. מִן (min) + plural construct of בֵּן (bēn) + proper name יְהוּדָה (yᵉhûḏāh) : from the sons of Judah.
          דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : proper name Daniel.
          חֲנַנְיָה (ḥᵃnanyāh) : proper name Hananiah.
          מִישָׁאֵל (mı̂šāʾēl) : proper name Mishael.
          וַעֲזַרְיָה (waʿᵃzaryāh) : conj. וַ (wa) + proper name עֲזַרְיָה (ʿᵃzaryāh) : and Azariah.

          Comment


          • #20
            Daniel 1:7a (Hebrew)

            Text (BHS):
            וַיָּשֶׂם לָהֶם שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים שֵׁמוֹת

            Transliteration (Accordance):
            wayyāśem lāhem śar hassārı̂sı̂m šēmôṯ

            Translation (RSV):
            And the chief of the eunuchs gave them names:

            Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
            וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem) : consecutive waw + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of שִׂים (śı̂m) : and ... gave.
            לָהֶם (lāhem) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pronominal 3 m.p. suffix : to them.
            שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים (śar hassārı̂sı̂m) : construct שַׂר (śar) + definite article הַ (ha + dagesh forte) + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂s) : the chief of the eunuchs.
            שֵׁמוֹת (šēmôṯ) : plural of שֵׁם (šēm) : names.

            Comment


            • #21
              Daniel 1:7b (Hebrew)

              Text (BHS):
              וַיָּשֶׂם לְדָנִיֵּאל בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר וְלַחֲנַנְיָה שַׁדְרַךְ וּלְמִישָׁאֵל מֵישַׁךְ וְלַעֲזַרְיָה עֲבֵד נְגוֹ

              Transliteration (Accordance):
              wayyāśem lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl bēlᵉṭᵉšaʾṣṣar wᵉlaḥᵃnanyāh šaḏraḵ ûlᵉmı̂šāʾēl mêšaḵ wᵉlaʿᵃzaryāh ʿᵃḇēḏ nᵉg̱ô

              Translation (Collins):
              He named Daniel Belteshazzar, Hananiah Shadrach, Mishael Meshach, and Azariah Abednego

              Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
              וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of שִׂים (śı̂m) : and he gave a name.
              לְדָנִיֵּאל (lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + proper name דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : to Daniel.
              בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēlᵉṭᵉšaʾṣṣar) : proper name : Belteshazzar.
              וְלַחֲנַנְיָה (wᵉlaḥᵃnanyāh) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pr. n. חֲנַנְיָה (ḥᵃnanyāh) : and to Hananiah.
              שַׁדְרַךְ (šaḏraḵ) : pr. n. Shadrach.
              וּלְמִישָׁאֵל (ûlᵉmı̂šāʾēl) : conj. וּ (û) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pr. n. מִישָׁאֵל (mı̂šāʾēl) : and to Mishael.
              מֵישַׁךְ (mêšaḵ) : pr. n. Meshach.
              וְלַעֲזַרְיָה (wᵉlaʿᵃzaryāh) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + pr. n. עֲזַרְיָה (ʿᵃzaryāh) : and to Azariah.
              עֲבֵד נְגוֹ (ʿᵃḇēḏ nᵉg̱ô) : pr. n. Abednego.

              Comment


              • #22
                Daniel 1:8a (Hebrew)

                Text (BHS):
                וַיָּשֶׂם דָּנִיֵּאל עַל־לִבּוֹ אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִתְגָּאַל בְּפַתְבַּג הַמֶּלֶךְ וּבְיֵין מִשְׁתָּיו

                Transliteration (Accordance):
                wayyāśem dānı̂ēʾl ʿal-libbô ʾᵃšer lōʾ-yiṯgāʾal bᵉp̱aṯbag̱ hammeleḵ ûḇᵉyên mištāyw

                Translation (TNIV):
                But Daniel resolved not to defile himself with the royal food and wine

                Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of שִׂים (śı̂m) : but ... resolved (put).
                דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : Daniel.
                עַל־לִבּוֹ (ʿal-libbô) : prep. עַל (ʿal) + noun לֵב (lēḇ) + pronominal 3 m.s. suffix : (in his heart).
                אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִתְגָּאַל (ʾᵃšer lōʾ-yiṯgāʾal) : relative אֲשֶׁר (ʾᵃšer) + negation לֹא (lōʾ) + Hithpael imperfect 3 m.s. of II גָּאַל (gāʾal) : not to defile himself.
                בְּפַתְבַּג (bᵉp̱aṯbag̱) : prep. בְּ (bᵉ) + construct פַתְבַּג (p̱aṯbag̱) : with the food of.
                הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article + מֶלֶךְ (meleḵ) : the king.
                וּבְיֵין (ûḇᵉyên) : conj. וּ (û) + prep. בְ (bᵉ) + noun יַיִן (yayin) : or with the wine of (the king).
                מִשְׁתָּיו (mištāyw) : plural of noun מִשְׁתֶּה (mišteh) + pronominal 3 m.s. suffix : his (i.e., the king's) drink.

                Comment


                • #23
                  Daniel 1:8b (Hebrew)

                  Text (BHS):
                  וַיְבַקֵּשׁ מִשַּׂר הַסָּרִיסִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִתְגָּאָל

                  Transliteration (Accordance):
                  wayᵉḇaqqēš miśśar hassārı̂sı̂m ʾᵃšer lōʾ yiṯgāʾāl

                  Translation (Collins):
                  and he petitioned the chief eunuch for permission that he should not defile himself.

                  Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                  וַיְבַקֵּשׁ (wayᵉḇaqqēš) : consecutive ו (waw) + Piel imperfect 3 m.s. of בָּקַשׁ (bāqaš) : and he requested.
                  מִשַּׂר (miśśar) : prep. מִן (min) + construct שַׂר (śar) : from the chief of.
                  הַסָּרִיסִים (hassārı̂sı̂m) : definite article + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂s) : the eunuchs.
                  אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִתְגָּאַל (ʾᵃšer lōʾ-yiṯgāʾal) : relative אֲשֶׁר (ʾᵃšer) + negation לֹא (lōʾ) + Hithpael imperfect 3 m.s. of II גָּאַל (gāʾal) : not to defile himself.

                  Comment


                  • #24
                    Daniel 1:9 (Hebrew)

                    Text (BHS):
                    וַיִּתֵּן הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת־דָּנִיֵּאל לְחֶסֶד וּלְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים

                    Transliteration (Accordance):
                    wayyittēn hāʾᵉlōhı̂m ʾeṯ-dānı̂ēʾl lᵉḥeseḏ ûlᵉraḥᵃmı̂m lip̱nê śar hassārı̂sı̂m

                    Translation (Collins):
                    and God caused Daniel to find favor and pity with the chief of the Eunuchs.

                    Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                    וַיְבַקֵּשׁ (wayᵉḇaqqēš) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of נָתַן (nāṯan) : and ... gave.
                    הָאֱלֹהִים (hāʾᵉlōhı̂m) : definite article + אֱלֹהִים (ʾᵉlōhı̂m) : God.
                    אֶת־דָּנִיֵּאל (ʾeṯ-dānı̂ēʾl) : direct object indicator + דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : Daniel.
                    לְחֶסֶד (lᵉḥeseḏ) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + noun חֶסֶד (ḥeseḏ) : favor.
                    וּלְרַחֲמִים (ûlᵉraḥᵃmı̂m) : conj. וּ (û) + prep. לְ (lᵉ) + absolute plural intensive רַחֲמִים (raḥᵃmı̂m) : and compassion.
                    לִפְנֵי (lip̱nê) : in the presence of.
                    שַׂר (śar) : the chief of.
                    הַסָּרִיסִים (hassārı̂sı̂m) : definite article + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂sı̂m) : the eunuchs.

                    Comment


                    • #25
                      Daniel 1:10a (Hebrew)

                      Text (BHS):
                      וַיֹּאמֶר שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים לְדָנִיֵּאל

                      Transliteration (Accordance):
                      wayyōʾmer śar hassārı̂sı̂m lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl

                      Translation (Collins):
                      The chief of the eunuchs said to Daniel

                      Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                      וַיֹּאמֶר (wayyōʾmer) : consecutive ו (waw) + Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of אָמַר (ʾāmar) : and ... said.
                      שַׂר (śar) : construct : the chief of
                      הַסָּרִיסִים (hassārı̂sı̂m) : definite article + plural of סָרִיס (sārı̂s) : the eunuchs.
                      לְדָנִיֵּאל (lᵉḏānı̂ēʾl) : prep. לְ (lᵉ) + דָּנִיֵּאל (dānı̂ēʾl) : to Daniel

                      Comment


                      • #26
                        Daniel 1:10b (Hebrew)

                        Text (BHS):
                        יָרֵא אֲנִי אֶת־אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ

                        Transliteration (Accordance):
                        yārēʾ ʾᵃnı̂ ʾeṯ-ʾᵃḏōnı̂ hammeleḵ

                        Translation (Collins):
                        I am afraid of my lord, the king

                        Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                        יָרֵא אֲנִי (yārēʾ ʾᵃnı̂) : Qal participle of יָרֵא (yārēʾ) + 1st person singular pronoun אֲנִי (ʾᵃnı̂) : I am afraid of.
                        אֶת־אֲדֹנִי (ʾeṯ-ʾᵃḏōnı̂) : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + noun אָדוֹן (ʾāḏôn) + pronominal 1 c.s. suffix : my lord.
                        הַמֶּלֶךְ (hammeleḵ) : definite article + מֶלֶךְ (meleḵ) : the king.

                        Comment


                        • #27
                          Daniel 1:10c (Hebrew)

                          Text (BHS):
                          אֲשֶׁר מִנָּה אֶת־מַאֲכַלְכֶם וְאֶת־מִשְׁתֵּיכֶם

                          Transliteration (Accordance):
                          ʾᵃšer minnā ʾeṯ-maʾᵃḵalḵem wᵉʾeṯ-mištêḵem

                          Translation (Collins):
                          who assigned your food and drink

                          Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                          אֲשֶׁר מִנָּה (ʾᵃšer minnā) : relative אֲשֶׁר (ʾᵃšer) + Piel perfect 3 m.s. of מָנָה (mānāh) : who assigned.
                          אֶת־מַאֲכַלְכֶם (ʾeṯ-maʾᵃḵalḵem) : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + noun מַאֲכָל (maʾᵃḵāl) + pronominal 2 m.p. suffix : כֶם (ḵem) : your food.
                          וְאֶת־מִשְׁתֵּיכֶם (wᵉʾeṯ-mištêḵem) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + plural of מִשְׁתֶּה (mišteh) + pronominal 2 m.p. suffix כֶם (ḵem) : and your drink.

                          Comment


                          • #28
                            Daniel 1:10d (Hebrew)

                            Text (BHS):
                            אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה יִרְאֶה אֶת־פְּנֵיכֶם זֹעֲפִים

                            Transliteration (Accordance):
                            ʾᵃšer lāmmā yirʾeh ʾeṯ-pᵉnêḵem zōʿᵃp̱ı̂m

                            Translation (Collins):
                            lest he see that your appearance is dejected

                            Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                            אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה (ʾᵃšer lāmmā) : relative אֲשֶׁר (ʾᵃšer) + interrogative לָמָּה (lāmmā) : lest (BDB, p. 554).
                            יִרְאֶה (yirʾeh) : Qal imperfect 3 m.s. of רָאָה (rāʾāh) : he see.
                            אֶת־פְּנֵיכֶם (ʾeṯ-pᵉnêḵem) : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + plural of פָּנֶה (pāneh) ("face") + 2 m.p. suffix כֶם (ḵem) : (that) your appearance (literally, "your faces").
                            זֹעֲפִים (zōʿᵃp̱ı̂m) : Qal m. plural participle of זָעַף (zāʿap̱) : are looking poor/thin (HALOT).

                            Comment


                            • #29
                              Daniel 1:10e (Hebrew)

                              Text (BHS):
                              מִן־הַיְלָדִים אֲשֶׁר כְּגִילְכֶם

                              Transliteration (Accordance):
                              min-hayᵉlāḏı̂m ʾᵃšer kᵉg̱ı̂lḵem

                              Translation (Collins):
                              in comparison with the youths of your age

                              Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                              מִן־הַיְלָדִים (min-hayᵉlāḏı̂m) : prep. מִן (min) + definite article + plural of יֶלֶד (yeleḏ) : in comparison with the youths.
                              אֲשֶׁר כְּגִילְכֶם (ʾᵃšer kᵉg̱ı̂lḵem) : relative אֲשֶׁר (ʾᵃšer) + prep. כְּ (kᵉ) + noun גִּיל (gı̂l) + 2 m.p. suffix כֶם (ḵem) : who are of your age.

                              Comment


                              • #30
                                Daniel 1:10f (Hebrew)

                                Text (BHS):
                                וְחִיַּבְתֶּם אֶת־רֹאשִׁי לַמֶּלֶךְ

                                Transliteration (Accordance):
                                wᵉḥı̂aḇtem ʾeṯ-rōʾšı̂ lammeleḵ

                                Translation (Collins):
                                and you make me liable* before the king
                                *Literally, "inculpate my head." It is not clear whether this implies the threat of capital punishment. Old Greek has "lest I risk my neck"; Syriac: "and the king cut off my head." F. M. Cross comments that the expression regularly means "be liable (to penalty)" in the Samaria papyri.

                                Glossary & Analysis (meanings in this context):
                                וְחִיַּבְתֶּם (wᵉḥı̂aḇtem) : conj. וְ (wᵉ) + Piel perfect 2 m.p. of חוּב (ḥûḇ) : and you inculpate (BDB).
                                אֶת־רֹאשִׁי (ʾeṯ-rōʾšı̂) : direct object indicator אֶת (ʾeṯ) + noun רֹאשׁ (rōʾš) + pronominal 1 c.s. suffix : my head.
                                לַמֶּלֶךְ (lammeleḵ) : Prep. לְ (lᵉ) + definite article + מֶלֶךְ (meleḵ) : before the king.

                                Comment

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