Natural genetic resistence to Covid-19

[shunyadragon]

How can something provide regional selection if it's not regionalized?

The virus and closely related viruses are regionalized in origin.

[TheLurch]

The virus and closely related viruses are regionalized in origin.

Then how do you explain the closest relative to SARS being located in Bulgaria?

[shunyadragon]

Natural regional evolution of resistance to deadly viruses is common in recent history in less than 8,000 years is the norm, ie Small Pox. Variation in the response of the virus in population is grounded in the Natural resistance against pathogens is fundamental way resistance evolves in a population.

Source: https://www.cell.com/trends/immunology/fulltext/S1471-4906(21)00259-3

Natural resistance against infections: focus on COVID-19

• Mihai G. Netea
• Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
• Frank L. van de Veerdonk
• Reinout van Crevel
• Bali Pulendran
• Jos W.M. van der Meer

Natural resistance against pathogens is described for many infections. There is no reason to believe that this might be different for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections.

• There are discrepancies between different SARS-CoV-2 infection models and the seroprevalence of antibodies in the circulation.
• Differences in morbidity and mortality between countries suggest that genetic and environmental differences may influence host defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Studies on children, adults residing in confined environments, and on individuals residing in different geographical locations suggest that natural resistance against SARS-CoV-2 is present in human populations, and may differentially impact on the course of the pandemic in such populations.
• Crucial for host survival is the balance between resistance mechanisms aiming to eliminate host pathogens and tolerance mechanisms aiming to avoid collateral damage induced by inflammatory processes.

Not all individuals exposed to a pathogen develop illness: some are naturally resistant whereas others develop an asymptomatic infection. Epidemiological studies suggest that there is similar variability in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. We propose that natural resistance is part of the disease history in some individuals exposed to this new coronavirus. Epidemiological arguments for natural resistance to SARS-CoV-2 are the lower seropositivity of children compared to adults, studies on closed environments of ships with outbreaks, and prevalence studies in some developing countries. Potential mechanisms of natural resistance include host genetic variants, viral interference, cross-protective natural antibodies, T cell immunity, and highly effective innate immune responses. Better understanding of natural resistance can help to advance preventive and therapeutic measures against infections for improved preparedness against potential future pandemics.

Resistance to infection is variable between individuals

Not all individuals encountering a pathogen develop an ensuing disease. Most pathogenic microorganisms in nature do not infect humans and are instead specific for other hosts. By contrast, some individuals are fully resistant to infection with particular pathogens. Should an infection occur, the severity of the disease greatly varies between patients, and this is believed to be due to genetic, non-genetic (age, diet, lifestyle), and environmental factors. The capacity of a pathogen to cause an epidemic, or even a pandemic, greatly depends on the susceptibility of the host to infection, the mode of transmission of the infectious pathogen, and severity of the disease. In the current article we focus on the immunological mechanisms of natural resistance to pathogens. A strong argument for the relevance of immunological mechanisms to natural resistance to pathogens is given by the type of immune response elicited against an infection in humans versus other species: for example, bats, unlike humans, respond to coronavirus infection with high production of interferons (IFNs) and low inflammation, which is a likely mechanism that induces a high level of tolerance against such infections.

© Copyright Original Source

[TheLurch]

How do you explain the closest relative to SARS being located in Bulgaria?

[shunyadragon]

How do you explain the closest relative to SARS being located in Bulgaria?

Bulgaria? No problem, I do not claim to explain outliers. COVID related viruses can be world wide in today world.

[shunyadragon]

Again from the source cited:

Source: https://www.pnas.org/content/117/45/27767

Among these challenges are outbreaks of infectious disease. Bouts of outbreak over millennia were the selective pressure that led to the evolution of our innate, adaptive, and behavioral immune systems.

© Copyright Original Source

[TheLurch]

Bulgaria? No problem, I do not claim to explain outliers. COVID related viruses can be world wide in today world.

In other words, you can't, so you're going to pretend it's not a problem, even though it's fatal for your argument.


In any case, I've already acknowledged diseases can shape human evolution, provided they're sufficiently lethal and infectious. The question is whether coronaviruses have done so. You've presented no evidence they have. Until you do, I'd rather focus on the flaws in your argument that they're regional threats.

[shunyadragon]

In other words, you can't, so you're going to pretend it's not a problem, even though it's fatal for your argument.


In any case, I've already acknowledged diseases can shape human evolution, provided they're sufficiently lethal and infectious. The question is whether coronaviruses have done so. You've presented no evidence they have. Until you do, I'd rather focus on the flaws in your argument that they're regional threats.

You are acknowledges the keystone of my argument.The references provided support the history of epidemics sufficiently lethal to shape human evolution. 'Arguing from ignorance' is a fallacy and not a coherent argument.

In one of the previous references antibodies to COVID in the area around the bat caves in South China demonstrating a historical exposure to COVID related viruses. There is no necessity of COVID related viruses to be lethal to contribute to the human evolution of resistance to COVID related viruses.

[TheLurch]

You are acknowledges the keystone of my argument.

The keystone of your argument is that there are regional differences in the selection driven by coronaviruses. You've done nothing to demonstrate that.

There is no necessity of COVID related viruses to be lethal to contribute to the human evolution of resistance to COVID related viruses..

If not lethality, then they have to influence reproductive fitness, which coronaviruses don't do. So yes, there is that necessity.

[shunyadragon]

The keystone of your argument is that there are regional differences in the selection driven by coronaviruses. You've done nothing to demonstrate that.

Demonstrated by references. More to follow


[qu9te] If not lethality, then they have to influence reproductive fitness, which coronaviruses don't do. So yes, there is that necessity.[/quote]

The populations around the bat caves had antibodies related to infections from a COVID virus in the past.

[TheLurch]

Demonstrated by references. More to follow

What reference has demonstrated that? I haven't seen any.

If not lethality, then they have to influence reproductive fitness, which coronaviruses don't do. So yes, there is that necessity.

The populations around the bat caves had antibodies related to infections from a COVID virus in the past.

And what does that say about the fitness cost? Zero.

[shunyadragon]

Demonstrated by references. More to follow


[qu9te] If not lethality, then they have to influence reproductive fitness, which coronaviruses don't do. So yes, there is that necessity.

The populations around the bat caves had antibodies related to infections from a COVID virus in the past.

o add the references describe natural evolved resistance in humans to COVID-19

[shunyadragon]

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007946

An ancient viral epidemic involving host coronavirus interacting genes more than 20,000 years ago in East Asia


Yassine Souilmi, M. Elise Lauterbur, Ray Tobler, Christian D. Huber, Angad S. Johar, Shayli Varasteh Moradi, Wayne A. Johnston, Nevan J. Krogan, Kirill Alexandrov, David Enard
An ancient viral epidemic involving host coronavirus interacting genes more than 20,000 years ago in East Asia
Current Biology, Volume 31, Issue 16, 23 August 2021, Pages 3704

•Ancient viral epidemics can be identified through adaptation in host genomes
•Genomes in East Asia bear the signature of an ∼25,000-year-old viral epidemic
•Functional analysis supports an ancient corona- or related virus epidemic
Summary


The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has emphasized the vulnerability of human populations to novel viral pressures, despite the vast array of epidemiological and biomedical tools now available. Notably, modern human genomes contain evolutionary information tracing back tens of thousands of years, which may help identify the viruses that have impacted our ancestors—pointing to which viruses have future pandemic potential. Here, we apply evolutionary analyses to human genomic datasets to recover selection events involving tens of human genes that interact with coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, that likely started more than 20,000 years ago. These adaptive events were limited to the population ancestral to East Asian populations. Multiple lines of functional evidence support an ancient viral selective pressure, and East Asia is the geographical origin of several modern coronavirus epidemics. An arms race with an ancient coronavirus, or with a different virus that happened to use similar interactions as coronaviruses with human hosts, may thus have taken place in ancestral East Asian populations.By learning more about our ancient viral foes, our study highlights the promise of evolutionary information to better predict the pandemics of the future. Importantly, adaptation to ancient viral epidemics in specific human populations does not necessarily imply any difference in genetic susceptibility between different human populations, and the current evidence points toward an overwhelming impact of socioeconomic factors in the case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

© Copyright Original Source

[TheLurch]

The populations around the bat caves had antibodies related to infections from a COVID virus in the past.

Right, but coronavirus symptoms may be as mild as a common cold, and thus exert no fitness cost.

This tells us nothing.

[TheLurch]

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007946

An ancient viral epidemic involving host coronavirus interacting genes more than 20,000 years ago in East Asia


Yassine Souilmi, M. Elise Lauterbur, Ray Tobler, Christian D. Huber, Angad S. Johar, Shayli Varasteh Moradi, Wayne A. Johnston, Nevan J. Krogan, Kirill Alexandrov, David Enard
An ancient viral epidemic involving host coronavirus interacting genes more than 20,000 years ago in East Asia
Current Biology, Volume 31, Issue 16, 23 August 2021, Pages 3704

•Ancient viral epidemics can be identified through adaptation in host genomes
•Genomes in East Asia bear the signature of an ∼25,000-year-old viral epidemic
•Functional analysis supports an ancient corona- or related virus epidemic
Summary


The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has emphasized the vulnerability of human populations to novel viral pressures, despite the vast array of epidemiological and biomedical tools now available. Notably, modern human genomes contain evolutionary information tracing back tens of thousands of years, which may help identify the viruses that have impacted our ancestors—pointing to which viruses have future pandemic potential. Here, we apply evolutionary analyses to human genomic datasets to recover selection events involving tens of human genes that interact with coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, that likely started more than 20,000 years ago. These adaptive events were limited to the population ancestral to East Asian populations. Multiple lines of functional evidence support an ancient viral selective pressure, and East Asia is the geographical origin of several modern coronavirus epidemics. An arms race with an ancient coronavirus, or with a different virus that happened to use similar interactions as coronaviruses with human hosts, may thus have taken place in ancestral East Asian populations.By learning more about our ancient viral foes, our study highlights the promise of evolutionary information to better predict the pandemics of the future. Importantly, adaptation to ancient viral epidemics in specific human populations does not necessarily imply any difference in genetic susceptibility between different human populations, and the current evidence points toward an overwhelming impact of socioeconomic factors in the case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

© Copyright Original Source

My goodness, finally, something that looks like evidence. Will read within the next few days.