A lot of people get confused in discussions that relate to physics and astronomy. This gives me the idea that instead of answering the same question and having to retype what's been said before, I'd simply compile a list of resources for people to find the answers to their questions. I might suggest the moderating team sticky this.
Below are resources you can learn about things relating to physics, astronomy, cosmology, and even some earth sciences.. Before you make a thread asking a question please see if you can track down the information yourself, instead of myself, little_monkey, or Leonhard possibly having to answer something that's addressed ad-nausem. Just about everything is covered. From the particle zoo to multiverses, and string theories extra dimensions. Try to read these links in the order that I have posted them - and take your time!
Yes, I use a lot of colors, so sue me!
All the credit should go to the wonderful researchers that put out these amazing lectures. Happy learning!
Pure Physics.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For Beginners
http://www.introduction-to-physics.com/
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/index.html
Newtons Laws
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/tuckerman...e_1/node2.html
Electromagnetism
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_ce...res/lec04.html
This is a simple introduction to physical chemistry that assumes only basic algebra/trig
Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/book...nd-biological/
Chemical Bonding
http://www.as.utexas.edu/astronomy/e...h1ChemBond.pdf
Quantum Mechanics
http://www.as.utexas.edu/astronomy/e...Quantum2.1.pdf
Intro To The Standard Model Of Particle Physics
http://www.physics.umd.edu/hep/TheStandardModel.pdf
Atomic/Nuclear Physics
http://bowlesphysics.com/images/AP_P...ar_Physics.pdf
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special and General Relativity
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/generalRT
This is a well written introduction to relativity that covers everything from black holes to gravity waves.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astrophysics
With credit to astronomynotes.com
Solar System/Earth Science
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html
Stellar Evolution
http://astronomynotes.com/starprop/s1.htm
http://astronomynotes.com/starsun/s1.htm
http://astronomynotes.com/evolutn/s1.htm
The Interstellar Medium
http://astronomynotes.com/ismnotes/s1.htm
Galaxies
http://astronomynotes.com/galaxy/s1.htm
Cosmology
http://astronomynotes.com/cosmolgy/s1.htm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ned Wrights Classic Intro To Cosmology!
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmo_01.htm
Here you will learn all about the redshift of local galaxies, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and concepts like inflation. This is where you will begin to get a true grasp of modern physics and cosmology.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
String Theory
http://www.superstringtheory.com/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classical Mechanics
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I recommend learning this alongside both calculus II with small introduction to differential equations.
The site I recommend for that is Pauls Online Math Notes: http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/
Lecture Notes on Classical Mechanics for Physics 106ab Sunil Golwal
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~golwal...06ab_notes.pdf
Introduction to Classical Mechanics by David Morin.
http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-C.../dp/0521876222
Please do not use the pirated copy on the internet; use the amazon link instead. It's well worth the price.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quantum Mechanics
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please learn linear algebra and differential equations from Pauls Online Notes first.
The basics of Quantum Mechanics
http://simons.hec.utah.edu/NewUnderg...k/Chapter1.pdf
The Physics of Quantum Mechanics
http://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/p...sBinney/qb.pdf
The legendary book on QM by David Griffith.
http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Q.../dp/0131118927
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General Relativity/Astrophysics/Cosmology
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sean Carrolls General Relativity notes.
https://preposterousuniverse.com/grnotes/
Lecture Notes on General Relativity by Matthias Blau
http://www.blau.itp.unibe.ch/newlecturesGR.pdf
A First Course in General Relativity by Bernhard Shultz.
http://www.amazon.com/A-First-Course.../dp/0521887054
Introduction to Tensor Calculus for General Relativity by Edmund Bertschinge
http://web.mit.edu/edbert/GR/gr1.pdf
Introduction to Cosmology by Barbara Ryden
http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george...IntroCosmo.pdf
^ You don't have to know GR to go through the above book - it is meant for undergrads.
Below are a set of lectures on astrophysics by Philip Armitage. Some of it is redundant to previously cited material but it also contains information on galaxies that is very informative.
Astrophysics by Philip Armitage
http://jilawww.colorado.edu/~pja/astr3830/index.html
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geology and Paleontology
This is needed to learn astrobiology.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
With credit to Thomas Kammer and West Virginia University
Radiometric Dating
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g23...tricDating.pdf
Biodiversity of the Fossil Record
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g231/Biodiversity.pdf
A General Introduction to Evolution
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/%7Ekammer/g231/EvolLec.pdf
Mass Extinctions
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/%7Ekammer/g...xtinctions.pdf
Evolution of Reptiles
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g231/Reptiles.pdf
Evolution of Birds
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g231/Birds.pdf
Mammal Evolution
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g231/Mammals.pdf
Whale Evolution
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g231/Whales.pdf
Human Evolution
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g231/Humans.pdf
Cambrian Explosion
http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g23...nRadiation.pdf
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
And as a special added bonus...
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biochemistry
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/default.html
Complete course in Astrobiology by Gerda Horneck and Petra Rettberg
http://www.fis.puc.cl/~jalfaro/astro...%5B2007%5D.pdf
Does the Multiverse Really Exist? by George Ellis
http://www.aei.mpg.de/~axkl/HermannF...ings/Ellis.pdf
The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett by Peter Byrne
http://www.peterbyrne.info/stories/b...any_worlds.pdf
Again, originally compiled by Sea of red. Thanks. smiley hat tip.gif